Unit+VII

=The Cold War=

Main Ideas of the Cold War

 * Space Race
 * Arm Race
 * North Korea, with help of Soviets, invaded South Korea. America backed S. Korea.
 * Truman Doctrine about containment - __containing communism__
 * U.S. wanted to STOP COMMUNISM FROM SPREADING
 * The Korean War
 * Cuba
 * Vietnam War - American failure. Vietnam = communist country

The U.S. was allies with all of North America, South America and Australia, and with part of Europe. Part of Eastern Europe was allies with the Soviet Union. China was a communist country as well. Africa was neutral. Many of the countries in blue were afraid of communism or just did not want a communist government.

‍- President George H.W. Bush
To end this war, Europe must be whole. It must be either all communist or all democratic.

===‍2. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. === ====‍- President Harry Truman====

Every natioin has a choice of its way of life -> Democracy or Communism. Be like the US or be like the Soviet Union. Democracy = freedom. Communism = oppression, terror, fixed elections, corrupt.

==‍3. "The people who cast the votes don't decide an election, the people who count the votes do."==

‍-Joseph Stalin
CORRUPTION

Speech delivered by President Harry S. Truman to Congress - March 12, 1947
Truman wanted the United States to support the free people. He wanted to protect other people from Communism. He wanted to give economic and financial aid to people in foreign countries who were trying to be free instead of being ruled by a dictator. **Containment** - Don't let communism spread.

B. The Basics

 * 1) ===Who was the Cold War between? The United States and its allies verse the Soviet Union and its allies===
 * 2) ===When was the Cold War? 1945-1991===
 * 3) ===Why did it occur? What was it over? It was about what types of societies different countries would have after WWII - many countries that the Axis Powers had controlled during the war (i.e. Germany, Vietnam, Poland, Japan, etc.)===
 * 4) ===Why is it called "the Cold War?" They never officially declared war nor directly used weapons on one another. It was a war of ideas.===
 * 5) ===We will complete the following chart:===

Competition drives the industries. || Democracy || Individual liberty. Freedom of speech, press, religion, etc. People vote for their representatives. || individual rights. ||
 * || ECONOMY || DESCRIPTION || POLITICS || DESCRIPTION ||
 * THE UNITED STATES || Capitalism || People have control of their businesses.
 * THE SOVIET UNION || Communism || The government runs the economy. || Dictatorship || One person has complete control. Limited


 * Communism** - in theory it is about trying to create a classeless society, no rich and no poor people.

Questions

 * 1) ‍Why was America so set on stopping the spread of Soviet influence? What is so bad about communism? What was so bad about the Soviets? The Soviets were communist. A communist nation usually has a dictator, and the Soviet Union did have one. Also, communism makes the people generally lazier and there will not be much advancement in society.
 * 2) ‍What did the Soviets think was so bad about America and capitalism? Capitalism means that everyone will not be equal. The Soviets liked the idea ofo equality.

‍Communism explained a bit more

 * Origins of communism are in the writings and theories of Karl Marx in the mid-1800s. He co-wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848.
 * Communism is a theory about society and economics: socio-economics. It is a belief system about how society and the economy should work - it is an idea of justice.
 * Communists are therefore often called Marxists.
 * Three key Marx quotes:
 * From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs.
 * The history of all previous societies has been the history of class struggles.
 * The theory of Communism may be summed up in one sentence: Abolish all private property.


 * When communism has been put into practice in different countries like the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, etc., it has often been very different from how Marx thought it would be. It has usually been accompanied by very strict, ruthless dictatorship and corruption. It has usually become associated with a lack of rights and freedoms. Communism has never been purely implemented like Marx thought it could be.

‍***What is your opinion of communism as of right now?***
My opinion of communism is that it is very hard to make it work. I would not want it to work anyway, though, because I do not believe everyone should be equal. Some people work much harder than others so some people deserve better things than others. I would not want all private property abolished, I would want to earn my property and keep it. I believe that a nation needs rich people, a working class, and poor people in order to work well.

The Korean War

 * Containment - successful in Europe but not successful in Asia. China communist 1949
 * 1949 Soviets develop Atomic Bomb
 * 38th Parallel separated North Korea from South Korea
 * North Korea - communist. influenced by Soviets, borders China which is also Communist
 * South Korea - not communist
 * North Korea invades South Korea 1950
 * Soviets supply N. Korea
 * U.S., through U.N., helped S. Korea. "police action" not "war"
 * Truman believed in the Domino Theory. China was already a fallen domino, he did not want S. Korea to fall because soon communism would make its way over to America
 * At the end of the Korean War, there was a stalemate - 1951 - nobody gained any more land but America kept fighting for two more years. Then the cease fire was signed in 1953. There was no treaty.
 * 38th Parallel was slightly adjusted.
 * N. Korea and S. Korea are still separated and the U.S. still has some troops in South Korea.
 * Successful for U.S. because the goal was containment not elimination.

The Cold War on the Home Front
==
 * People were filled with fear
 * HUAC investigated communist influence in Hollywood movies
 * seeing who might be spies or influenced by communists or a threat
 * The Hollywood Ten refused to answer any questions under the first Amendment - held in contempt
 * Internal Security Bill - Truman declared it "The greatest danger to freedom of speech, press and assembly since the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798."
 * Whitaker Chambers accuses Alger Hiss of conspiracy - convicted of perjury not treason.

==

The Mar ﻿shall Plan

 * American program
 * America sent money to help rebuild European economies - stop spread of communism
 * Established June 1947, went into effect April 1948, lasted four years
 * GOALS:
 * rebuild a destroyed region
 * remove trade barriers
 * modernize European industry
 * Restore Europe's prosperity
 * stable economies = democracies
 * Named after Secretary of State (leading foreign diplomat/negotiator) George Marshall
 * $13 billion in economic and technical support
 * Replaced by the Mutual Security Plan
 * Plan focused on the future and recovery
 * gave sense of hope and self-reliance.
 * First money went to Greece and Germany
 * Successful - Helps with containment

McCarthyism

 * Named after Joseph McCarthy, US senator from Wisconsin
 * Claimed he had a list of over 200 people who were involved in Communism
 * Accused George Marshall of some sort of communist involvement or sympathy
 * 1950-1953. A belief in exposing communists wherever they were, including the US government
 * Turned out he had very little evidence
 * Can we fight communism without violating citizens' rights?
 * Criminalizing someone's beliefs... yet America has freedom?