Unit+VI

=America and World War II=

Saving Private Ryan Clip

 * June 6, 1944 - That's D Day
 * France, Africa, Italy
 * Invaded German territories
 * Large memorial graveyards

Textbook pg. 772

 * Axis Powers (Map): Germany, Italy, Japan
 * American forces fought in North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Libya, and Egypt) for their first action of WWII. (1942-1943)
 * America was joining the fight to help recapture these countries from German/Axis control. They then went on to Italy and to France (D-Day/Battle of Normandy - 1944).

Chapter 24 Overview

 * June 4, 1942 Japanese attempt to air attack Midway Island; Americans were able to fight them off.
 * February 1943 Japanese forces fled Guadalcanal
 * April - June 1945 Battle of Okinawa - after this battle some Allies concluded that invading Japan may lead to millions of deaths
 * Feb-Mar 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima - Allies wanted to control island so they could more easily bomb Japan
 * Oct. 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf - Allies virtually destroyed Japan's navy
 * Rationing: limiting the amount of a certain product each person can have
 * US National Debt increased by billions of dollars from the 30's through the 40's

America: The Story of Us Video

 * 1940s army was still segregated
 * blood banks
 * France and Germany were in ruins after WWII because fighting took place there
 * Japan surrenders because of 2 atomic bombs dropped on its cities
 * After WWII, America is the world superpower
 * After WWII, Americans have 50 million babies in 15 years - Baby Boom (1945-1960)
 * 1950s = peace and prosperity

Background to WWII and the start of the war in Europe
The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflict–World War II–which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, **Adolf Hitler** and his National Socialist (**Nazi Party**) rearmed the nation and **signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan** to further his ambitions of **world domination**. Italy had come under the control of a dictator named __Benito Mussolini__ and Japan was being led by a military __General Hideki Tojo__. Hitler came to power in 1933 and in the mid-1930s set the world on a course to war. Hitler began by taking complete control of Germany as a dictator and leading the German people to **start targeting Jews on a quest to create a pure German race**. He then **violated World War I's Treaty of Versailles** by __rebuilding the German military__ and beginning to __take back land Germany had lost__ from the Versailles treaty - Germany took part of Austria in 1938 and Czechoslovakia early in 1939. While Hitler took these actions America was more focused on domestic issues and both Great Britain and France were trying to avoid another war, so they used a policy called **Appeasement**, which means __giving in to the demands of an aggressor__, letting Hitler get away with what he was doing.

Hitler was able to gain momentum and his invasion of Poland in **September 1939** drove **Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany**, and **World War II had begun**. Before Hitler could be slowed, Germany, Italy, and Japan had taken over much of Europe and Asia: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands, __France__, Libya, part of China, The Philippines, and more (take a look at the map below).

WWII pitted the **Axis Powers** (Germany, Italy, Japan) against the **Allied Powers** (Great Britain and France, followed by the Soviet Union and the U.S.). Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war. An estimated **45-60 million people were killed during WWII**. Included were **6 million Jews murdered in Nazi concentration camps** as part of Hitler's diabolical "Final Solution," __now known as the Holocaust__. **America did not declare war until December of 1941, after being bombed by Japan** at Pearl Harbor navy base in Hawaii. From 1937 to 1941, __America had been supplying the Allied Powers with war supplies__, but fully joined the war in 1942, **fighting Germany and Italy in North Africa and Italy and fighting Japan in the islands and waters of the Pacific Ocean**.



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3. Totalitarian: Political system where there is no limit to authority. Total power.
===4. Fascism: Belief that nation requires strong leadership, singular collective identity, and war in order to stay strong. COUNTRY COMES FIRST. What can you contribute to make our country great? (Germany and Italy during WWII)===

Pearl Harbor Attacked by the Japanese

 * Pearl Harbor is a U.S. navy base in Hawaii. It was attacked on December 7, 1941.
 * Japanese Empire needed natural resources
 * U.S. ignored evidence of the Japanese plan to attack Pearl Harbor
 * 183 aircraft
 * 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 wounded ... 185 Japanese were killed
 * U.S. lost much more than the Japanese


 * Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?**
 * Japan wanted to conquer Indochina; U.S. didn't want Japan to do this.
 * U.S. placed an embargo on Japan -> prevented the export of some materials Japan would need in war
 * embargo: an order of a government prohibiting the movement of merchant ships into or out of its ports
 * Japan signed neutrality treaty with Soviet Union
 * Japan moved further into Indochina
 * The U.S., the Netherlands, and Great Britian put a hold on Japanese assets -> cut off Japan's oil supply -> armed forced immobile
 * U.S. wanted Japan to stop expanding, Japan wanted its oil back and to continue expanding
 * Japan was planning to gain access to the oil no matter what
 * Believed the only thing in the way was the Pacific Fleet, so they decided to destroy it.

Yes, the U.S. should have been more prepared. A week before the attack, America knew that there was a chance of Japan attacking. This should have been taken more seriously, because if there's any chance of a country attacking then the U.S. should be ready to fight back. Then again, Japan attacking America "unexpectedly" gave America a reason to join the war and end it by dropping an atomic bomb on Japan. It made Japan look bad and gave America a reason to make the posters influencing Americans to get back at the Japanese.
 * Should the U.S have been more prepared?**


 * What was the U.S. response?**
 * America declared war on Japan the next day. Three days after declaring war on Japan, Japanese allies Germany and Italy declared war on America and America followed.
 * The U.S. advertised the tragedy of December 7th in order to have citizens join the military. The U.S. wanted people to remember what happened that day. They wanted everyone to help America fight the war. It UNITED AMERICANS.
 * "A day which will live in infamy" - FDR

=G. American Forces in WWII - The Home Front, Mobilization & Impact=
 * Mobilized: When industry changes from its normal peacetime routines to industry that will support its country in war.
 * The Office of Production Management was in charge of increasing and regulating the production of materials and equipment.
 * The War Production Board was established in World War II. It regulated the production of fuel and materials in the U.S. during WWII. It replaced the Supply Priorities and Allocation Board and the Office of Production Management.
 * Rosie the Riveter is the woman on the poster saying "We can do it!". She is a symbol of women in the United States who took over the men's jobs in factories during WWII.
 * The Manhattan Project was led by the U.S. with help from Great Britain and Canada. It was a top secret program to design the atomic bomb.
 * J. Robert Oppenheimer led the Manhattan Project.
 * A. Philip Randolph threated to lead a march on Washington, D.C. to protest African Americans' discrimination in the job market, but President Roosevelt then outlawed racial discrimination in hiring for government or military jobs, so Randolph called his plans off.

Steps to the U.S. Joining the War
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Military Impact: Operations

 * **2-Front War - aka Two Theater War**: fighting takes place on two different fronts in hope that the enemy will have to split up to fight on both fronts.
 * **Operation Torch - N Africa & Italy:** British-American invasion of French North-Africa then invasion in Italy. First fighting in WWII for America.
 * **Operation Overlord** - **D-Day & Normandy:** U.S. invasion of France to retake France from Germany's control.
 * **Battle of the Bulge:** Germany's last great attempt to win the war
 * **Ending the Holocaust:** Americans came to Europe from the West as the Soviets came from the East. Germany was defeated. All the concentration camps were found and its prisoners were set free.
 * **Slow start in the Pacific:** Japan won the first few battles in the Pacific. America lost control of the Philippines.
 * **Doolittle's Raid on Tokyo:** Bombing of Tokyo turned things around for America. April 1942.
 * **Battles of Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, Okinawa - ISLAND HOPPING in the PACIFIC**: America wins a lot of battles in the Pacific. America regained control of the Philippines. America went from island to island, getting closer to Japan's mainland.






 * Code Talkers:** Navajo Native Americans in the U.S. Marines who used their language to relay important messages that the Japanese couldn't decode.
 * Kamikazes:** Japanese suicide pilots who flew into American ships during WWII.

The End of the War

 * **V.E. Day**: May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe Day. Germany surrendered after Hitler's death
 * **Japan's refusal to surrender**: Japan continued fighting even after the bombing of Tokyo and the defeat at Okinawa. Some leaders tried to arrange a peace agreement with the Soviet Union, but it went slowly.
 * **Hiroshima & Negasaki**: 1945 - Americans dropped an atomic bomb on both Hiroshima (killing 80,000 instantly) and Nagasaki (killing 40,000 instantly)
 * **What is your opinion of the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan? Read up using the info and sites below, then write a paragraph explaining the debate __and__ your opinion**:
 * America did not know if it would be a better idea to invade Japan and risk American casualties or to drop atomic bombs on Japan. Historians now debate about how many Americans would have died had America invaded Japan instead. In 1946, it was estimated that 600,000 Americans would die if they chose to invade Japan. In making the decision to drop the atomic bomb, Truman considered the amount of Americans who would lose their lives if the war went on any longer, the fact that the Japanese attacked America without warning, and the fact that the Japanese held many Americans as prisoners of war and tortured them. I think it was a good idea to drop the atomic bombs on Japan. It saved many American lives since America did not have to invade Japan. It made the Japanese very afraid and they surrendered immediately. America proved that if a country attacks, America will do all they need to in order to defend themselves.
 * V-J Day: August 15, 1945 - Victory in Japan Day. Emperor Hirohito announced the end of WWII over a radio broadcast. This was the Japanese people's first time hearing his voice.

Propaganda
Newspaper articles, posters, commercials, and other forms of communication that influence someone.

The Home Front Continued

 * The Home Front is the people of a nation that is engaged in war.
 * Rationing is when there are limits on certain supplies (sugar, meat, gasoline, etc.). A person can only get a certain amount during a given time. The government had to make sure the soldiers had enough of the supplies and that everyone in the country was getting an equal share. There was a shortage of supplies because there was less trade from the war and because the soldiers needed the supplies.
 * Paying for the war: Government raised taxes, borrowed money from the American people through war bonds, and borrowed money from foreign countries.
 * The Office of War Information: Created in June 1942. Agency that spread propaganda -> encouraged men to join war and women to take the men's jobs, encouraged positive goals. __Propaganda__ to make Americans fearful - this would make them support the war against the Axis countries.
 * Executive Order 9066: General John L. DeWitt recommended that all Japanese people be removed from the West Coast because there was suspicion of spying/illegal activity in the Japanese American community. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in Feb. 1942. It gave the armed forces power to establish military zones and remove any people from these zones. The Japanese Americans were sent to camps where living conditions were poor. __Internment__: forced relocation and confinement
 * Fred Kirematsu fought against Executive Order 9066 and sued the American government. The Supreme Court sided with the government.


 * Japanese Internment During WWII**
 * After Pearl Harbor was attacked, the FBI round up leaders of Japanese American communities and under no charges were brought into custody. Most spent the years of war in internment camps.
 * Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which would only be active for a limited period of time. Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps even though there were no charges against them.
 * Executive order 9102 signed by President. Established War Relocation Authority.

WWII

 * 1) Background & Start of war in Europe (1939). 1930s
 * 2) Steps to U.S. involvement in WWII. 1930s -> Dec. 7th, 1941 Pearl Harbor
 * 3) Fighting of the war 1939 -> 1945 (G3)
 * 4) American Home Front during WWII (G1, G2, G4)
 * 5) Diplomacy and Outcomes (H and I)


 * Diplomacy at the end of WWII**
 * Diplomacy: negotiations by the government among foreign nations -> occurs at UN
 * Diplomat: Person who reps a country (i.e.: sec of state)
 * Yalta Conference:
 * Who: Roosevelt (US), Winston Churchill (GB), and Joseph Stalin (SU).
 * When: Feb. 1945.
 * Where: Yalta, Soviet Union.
 * Why: To negotiate about the postwar world, specifically Germany.
 * What happened:
 * Agreed to divide Germany into four sectors for France, America, Soviet Union, and Great Britain to place troops.
 * Stalin agreed to hold elections in Poland and other Eastern European countries that needed new government but did not follow through.
 * Stalin also said that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan and defeat Japan three months after Germany surrendered. (Followed through).
 * If Stalin could not do so, he would help the U.S. do this
 * Roosevelt declared the conference successful yet tension grew between some allies and the Soviet Union.
 * FDR's death: Truman takes over; new leader for the U.S. at a very tough time.
 * United Nations: created in June 1945
 * Postdam Conference:
 * When: July 1945
 * Where: Potsdam: Germany
 * Who: The leaders of the Allied nations
 * Why: To continue their work from Yalta. America was concerned that communism and influence from the Soviet Union would spread after the war ended. Truman wanted Stalin to follow through with agreements from Yalta - UNSUCCESSFUL.

Outcome and Effects of WWII, Including seeds of the Cold War
> || || > || **Country** || **Military Deaths**|| **Civilian Deaths** || **Jewish Deaths** > **in the Holocaust** || **Total** > **Deaths** || **Deaths as % of total of 1939 Population** || || > || **China** || 3,000,000 || 12,000,000 || || 15,000,000 || 3.86 || > || [|Czechoslovakia] || 25,000 || 43,000 || 277,000 || 345,000 || 2.25 || > || [|France] || 217,600 || 267,000 || 83,000 || 567,600 || 1.35 || > || [|Germany] || 5,533,000 || 1,800,000 || 160,000 || 8,393,000 || 12.15 || > || [|Hungary] || 300,000 || 80,000 || 200,000 || 580,000 || 6.35 || > || [|India] || 87,000 || 2,00,000 || || 2,587,000 || 0.66 || > || [|Italy] || 301,400 || 145,100 || 8,000 || 454,500 || 1.02 || > || [|Japan] || 2,120,000 || 580,000 || || 2,700,000 || 3.78 || > || [|Philippines] || 57,000 || 850,000 || || 850,000 || 3.48 || > || [|Poland] || 240,000 || 2,580,000 || 3,000,000 || 5,820,000 || 16.1 || > || [|Soviet Union] || 10,700,000 || 12,254,000 || 1,000,000 || 23,954,000 || 14.18 || > || [|United Kingdom] || 382,700 || 67,100 || || 449,800 || 0.94 || > || [|United States] || 416,800 || 1,700 || || 418,500 || 0.32 || > || || || || || || || > || **Totals (estimates)**|| **25,000,500** || **40,900,600** || **5,752,400** || **66,394,200** || **3.50** || Poland lost 16.1% of their population in WWII. Poland was a small country so a small number of deaths makes up a great percentage of the population's death. The Soviet Union lost the most amount of people, twenty-three million! The Soviet Union also had the most civilian deaths. These were innocent citizens getting killed. The battles fought in the Soviet Union must have been terrible for the Soviets. Most countries had more civilian deaths than Japan, yet Japan had two atomic bombs dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Poland lost the most Jewish people in the Holocaust. Countries like the US and GB did not lose people in the Holocaust because Hitler wasn't focused there.
 * 1) Allies oversee other countries rebuilding.
 * 2) The United Nations was created and still exists today.
 * 3) The world entered that age of nuclear weapons (nuclear proliferation)
 * 4) The government spending and jobs created by WWII ended the Great Depression.
 * 5) The size of America's military remained extremely large and only grew, as did America's military presence around the world.
 * || **Human Losses of World War II by Country** ||

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 * 1) Unity: there was unity in the United States because they were at war. The Americans wanted to defend their country.
 * 2) Rationing: Certain supplies were limited to American civilians because the supplies were needed for soldiers and because the war caused less trade.
 * 3) Propaganda: newspapers, posters, etc. that promoted war and made Americans want to defend their country.
 * 4) Pearl Harbor: Surprise attack on America by Japan. After this, America joined WWII.
 * 5) Atomic Bombs: America dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, ending the war.


 * 1) Pearl Harbor -> Brought America into WWII
 * 2) Propaganda -> made Americans want to defend their country
 * 3) Rationing -> people had a limit to their food, gas, etc. to be able to supply soldiers with these supplies. also war caused less trade.
 * 4) Atomic Bombs -> dropped on Japan, ended war
 * 5) Yalta Conference -> discuss postwar arrangements
 * 6) Allied Powers -> U.S., France, Soviet Union, GB. against axis powers.
 * 7) Unity -> on homefront. war brings America together, want to defend their country.
 * 8) Dictators -> Japan = Tojo. Italy = Mussolini. Germany = Hitler.
 * 9) Executive Order 9066 = in America, Japanese Americans sent to internment camps.
 * 10) Embargo - U.S. put embargo on Japan, Japan thought their only way to get their supplies back was to defeat Pacific fleet -> Pearl Harbor

General War Related Terms

 * 1) Home Front
 * 2) Propaganda
 * 3) Diplomacy
 * 4) Rationing
 * 5) Dictators
 * 6) Appeasement
 * 7) Mobilization - how are you moving/preparing to go fight?
 * 8) Front/Theater - where fighting is happening

WWII Essay Work: Thesis Statements

 * Thesis Statement: shows topic, restates question, previews argument. One to two sentences. Should include specifics. Compound sentence.
 * Prove thesis statement in essay
 * Specifics from thesis = body paragraphs

Q: How was your weekend? Thesis: My weekend was horrible because I had to work a lot and I got into an argument with my boyfriend. Q: Which is the best fast food restaurant? Thesis: Burger King is the best fast food restaurant because of its delicious fries and tasty chicken.

What other words can we use to make a compound sentence?

Test Review
Chapter 23 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Chapter 24 Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 blitzkrieg = "lightning war" drive deep into enemy territory. Neutrality Act of 1935 = keep nation neutral Quarantine Speech = Roosevelt urged US to work with peaceful countries to quarantine aggressor nations Cash-and-carry = countries allowed to purchase American goods but had to pay cash and pick up the goods in American ports Lend-Lease Act = allowed U.S. to send weapons to Great Britain even though Great Britain could not afford to pay for the weapons Atlantic Charter = goals of U.S. and G.B. opposing Hitler and axis powers Rosie the Riveter = represented working women of the war occupy = take control of an area by placing troops in it
 * Germany and Japan were fighting against Great Britain and France in World War II; America joined after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.
 * The Treaty of Versailles did not work, and therefore there was a rise of dictators in Europe and Asia.
 * Great Britain and Italy had decided to avoid conflict, so Germany became forceful and began the fighting of WWII.
 * The United States had been isolating itself from the war, but after the attack at Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declared war.
 * WWII had started so America made sure they were prepared by mobilizing.
 * The Allied Powers are able to defeat the Axis Powers, though at great costs.
 * The United States first concentrated on the war in Europe.
 * Germany was led by Hitler and the Nazis, and they killed millions and millions of people in Europe.
 * The United States did not have a good start in the Pacific, but they were able to fight through to Japan.
 * Americans on the home front were rationing, spending money on war bonds, and watching movies of war propaganda.
 * Allies defeated the Axis Powers and started making postwar arrangements.