Unit+IV

=The United States in World War I=
 * Began in summer of 1914
 * Ended in November of 1918
 * Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian.
 * Germany sank the Lusitania
 * U.S. didn't get involved until 1917
 * Most of the war took place in Europe, not in the U.S. A lot of fighting took place in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Great Britain.

Firsts of WWI

 * Flame throwers
 * Steel helmets
 * Use of tanks
 * Fleets of fighting aircrafts
 * Aircraft carriers
 * Chemical warfare
 * Gas masks
 * Guide dogs
 * X-ray machines
 * Established blood bank
 * Enlisted women
 * Navy's Yeomanettes
 * American soldiers given IQ tests
 * Presidental trip to Europe

Causes of WWI

 * 1) Imperialism - European powers were gaining new colonies. Everyone wanted more land, resources, and power.
 * 2) Nationalism - Serbian nationalist assassinated the heir to the Austria-Hungary empire. Everyone wanted more land, resources, and power.
 * 3) Militarism - European countries prepared military. Availability -> more likely to use military.
 * 4) Alliances - To protect a country's interests and gain more strength. Britain, France, and Russia against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire.
 * 5) Spark that started the fighting - the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Serbia.

Overview of WWI

 * Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-hungary was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist.
 * Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire = Central Powers
 * Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, Unites States = Allied Powers
 * Lasted 4 years
 * Trench warfare, modern weaponry
 * Treaty of Versailles, 1919, determined post-war borders, made League of Nations, punished Germany
 * Instability of WWI -> rise of Nazi Germany in 1940's

Trench Warfare
Trench warfare is a war fought in trenches, or ditches. The soldiers are protected when in the trenches. The flat ground is no-man's land because neither enemy occupies the area. It's much easier to get killed or wounded in no-man's-land because it is between the two countries' trench lines. Millions of rats infested the trenches. Lice caused Trench Fever, which took about 12 weeks outside of the trenches for a person to recover. People got Trench Foot, a fungal infection that leads to the death of the foot tissue and could result in the need of amputation.

Weapons

 * Bolt-action rifle: Could kill people from 1400 meters away
 * Machine gun: Large field guns had a long range. Shells exploded on impact.
 * Chlorine gas: The wind will send it over to the enemy
 * Mustard gas: Fired into trenches as shells. Takes about 5 weeks for infected people to die.
 * Zeppelin: aka blimp. drop bombs from blimps. Too easy to shoot blimps out of sky.
 * Tanks: Used in the Western front, not trenches.

The American Home Front During WWI

 * 1) Selective Service Act - aka the Draft. Passed in 1917. All males from ages 21-20 were required to register for the military. In 1918, the Act was amended to make the ages from 18-45.
 * 2) The War Industries Board - began in 1916 as the Council of National Defense. Re-created as War Industries Board in 1918. This was to prepare America for a war.
 * 3) Rationing and Regulations of Fuel & Food - Limited the amount of certain foods a person could buy so that there was never a food shortage. The purchase of fuel was limited so that there was never a shortage of fuel/heat.
 * 4) Propaganda - information that is spread to promote a specific idea. In WWI, the U.S. used propaganda to get the citizens to hate the Germans even more. Propaganda was also used to have people join the war.
 * Neutrality and isolationism: America said they were going to be neutral, which meant they would not choose a side in the war. They were going to isolate themselves from the war, or not be a part of the war.
 * Ties to the Allies:
 * Zimmerman Note: a letter from Germany to Mexico to request an alliance. It also said that Germany would be attacking all neutral ships heading for Britain, so many American ships were sunk. This angered America, who entered the war on the side of the Allies soon after.

American Women in World War I
The army hired women as nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, ambulance drivers, and telephone operators. Women worked in the factories. Men couldn't keep those jobs because they were away at work, so the women took their places. Twenty-three years after the war, women were considered part of the US military. This led to women earning the 19th Amendment.

The Outcomes of World War I

 * The Allied Powers won because America joined and helped them. The countries in the Allied Powers were Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.
 * The U.S. became even more of a world power.
 * Austria and Hungary split up, becoming two different countries. They lost a lot of land. Czekoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, East Prussia, and Poland became countries.

Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points

 * Wanted to get rid of secret alliances
 * Free trade and navigation through the seas
 * Restore pre-war territories
 * Establish League of Nations
 * Create the nations of Turkey and Poland

The Treaty of Versailles __(Underlined: Adopted from Wilson's Plan)__

 * Limited the amount of men in the German army
 * __9 new nations were created__
 * Germany had to surrender all its colonies
 * Germany had to suffer for all the damages of the war.
 * __League of Nations was established__, and Germany was not allowed to join.

Congress and the Treaty of Versailles

 * Congress did not sign the Treaty of Versailles.

Splendid Little War?

 * I do not think World War I should be called a splendid little war because it wasn't little. It involved a lot of countries and it wasn't a short war. It was spendid because Germany lost, but it led to World War II. World War I should just be called World War I.

WWI and Treaty of Versailles leading to WWII

 * The treaty was too harsh to Germany.
 * Germany was held responsible for all the losses and damages of the war.
 * Germany was given less power.
 * The Germans wanted revenge.